Seymour Papert

Seymour Papert (born February 29, 1928 in Pretoria, South Africa) is an Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT mathematician, computer science|computer scientist, and education|educator. He is one of the pioneers of artificial intelligence, as well as an inventor of the Logo (programming language)|Logo programming language.

Early years and education
Papert attended the University of Witwatersrand, receiving a B.A. in 1949 and a PhD in mathematics in 1952. He then went on to receive another PhD, also in mathematics, at Cambridge University in 1959. He was a leading figure in the revolutionary socialist circle around Socialist Review while living in London in the 1950s.

Career
Papert worked as a researcher in a variety of places, including St. John's College, Cambridge, the Henri Poincare Institute at the University of Paris, the University of Geneva and the National Physical Laboratory, UK|National Physical Laboratory in London before becoming a research associate at MIT in 1963. He held this position until 1967, when he became professor of applied math and director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, until 1981; he also served as Cecil & Ida Green professor of education at MIT from 1974-1981. ==Research and theories==Papert worked on learning theories, and is known for focusing on the impact of new technologies on learning in general and in schools as learning organizations in particular.

Constructionism
At MIT, Papert went on to create the Genetic epistemology|Epistemology and Learning Research Group at the MIT School of Architecture and Planning which later became the MIT Media Lab. Here, he was the developer of an original and highly influential theory on learning called Constructionist learning|constructionism, built upon the work of Jean Piaget in Constructivism learning theories. Papert worked with Jean Piaget during the 1960s and is widely considered the most brilliant and successful of Piaget's proteges; Piaget once said that "no one understands my ideas as well as Papert." Papert has rethought how schools should work based on these theories of learning.

Logo
Papert used Jean Piaget|Piaget's work in his development of the Logo programming language whilst at MIT. He created Logo as a tool to improve the way that children think and solve the problems. A small robot called the "Logo turtle|Logo Turtle" was developed and children used it to solve problems. A main purpose of the Logo Foundation research group is to strengthen the ability to learning|learn knowledge. Papert insists a simple programming language|language or Computer program|program that children can learn—like Logo—can also have advanced functionality for expert users.

Other work
As part of his work with technology, Papert has been a proponent of the Knowledge Machine. He is also currently one of the principals for the One Laptop Per Child initiative to manufacture and distribute The Children's Machine in developing nations.Papert has also collaborated with Lego on their Logo-programmable Lego Mindstorms robotics kits.

Influence and awards
Papert's work has been highly influential to other researchers in the fields of education and computer science. He influenced the work of Uri Wilensky in the design of NetLogo and collaborated with him on the study of knowledge restructurations, as well as the work of Andrea diSessa and the development of dynaturtles. In 1981, Papert along with several others in the Logo group at MIT, started Logo Computer Systems Inc., of which he was Board Chair for over 20 years. Working with LCSI, Papert designed a number of award-winning programs, including LogoWriter and Lego/Logo (marketed as Lego Mindstorms). He also influenced the research of Idit Harel Caperton, coauthoring articles and the book Constructionism and chairing the advisory board of the company MaMaMedia. He also influenced Alan Kay and the Dynabook concept, and worked with Kay on various projects.Papert won a Guggenheim fellowship in 1980, a Marconi Society|Marconi International fellowship in 1981, the Software Publishers Association Lifetime Achievement Award in 1994, and the Smithsonian Award from Computerworld in 1997. Papert has been called by Marvin Minsky "the greatest living mathematics educator." ==Personal life==Papert's third wife was Sherry Turkle, and together they wrote the influential paper "Epistemological Pluralism and the Revaluation of the Concrete." Papert is married to Suzanne Massie Papert, who is a Russian scholar and author of Pavlovsk, Life of a Russian Palace and Land of the Firebird.

Accident in Hanoi
While attending the 17th ICMI Study conference in Hanoi, Papert was struck by a motorcycle while crossing a road near his hotel on Tuesday December 5, 2006. He underwent brain surgery at the L'Hôpital Français De Hanoï|French Hospital of Hanoi on Wednesday December 6 to remove the blood clot that had formed. By the evening of Tuesday December 12, he was in stable but critical condition. On December 16, 2006 he was transferred by air ambulance to Boston, Massachusetts, and on January 23, 2007 he was transferred to a hospital in his home state of Maine. In March 2007, he suffered an attack of septicemia, which required treatment in the hospital until May. Another problem occurred in April, when he had to have a heart valve replaced due to the septicemia. , he has fully recovered from the septicemia and heart operation, and can think clearly, walk "almost unaided", and communicate. However, he still has "some complicated speech problems", and is still undergoing extensive rehab, although he is at home. His rehabilitation team is using some of the very principles of experiential, hands-on learning which he pioneered to aid him in recovery.

Selected bibliography
Books* Counter-free automata, 1971, ISBN 0-262-13076-9* Perceptrons, (with Marvin Minsky), MIT Press, 1969 (Enlarged edition, 1988), ISBN 0-262-63111-3* Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas, 1980, ISBN 0-465-04674-6* Papert, S. & Harel, I. (eds). (1991) Constructionism: research reports and essays 1985 - 1990 by the Epistemology and Learning Research Group, the Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ablex Pub. Corp, Norwood, NJ.* The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, 1992, ISBN 0-465-01063-6* The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap, 1996, ISBN 1-56352-335-3==See also==* Papert's principle* Constructivism (learning theory)** Constructionism (learning theory)==References==